Common infection strategies of plant and animal pathogenic bacteria.

Gram-negative bacterial pathogens use common strategies to invade and colonize plant and animal hosts. In many species, pathogenicity depends on a highly conserved type-III protein secretion system that delivers effector proteins into the eukaryotic cell. Effector proteins modulate a variety of host cellular pathways, such as rearrangements of the cytoskeleton and defense responses. The specific set of effectors varies in different bacterial species, but recent studies have revealed structural and functional parallels between some effector proteins from plant and animal pathogenic bacteria. These findings suggest that bacterial pathogens target similar pathways in plant and animal host cells.